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湖北省统计行政处罚适用简易程序暂行规定

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湖北省统计行政处罚适用简易程序暂行规定

湖北省统计行政


湖北省统计行政处罚适用简易程序暂行规定

鄂统计文〔2008〕64号


  第一条为了规范统计执法行为,提高统计执法工作效率,促进全省统计工作健康发展,保证经济普查、人口普查、农业普查工作的顺利进行,根据《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》第三十三条和有关法律、法规和规章的规定,制定本暂行规定。

  第二条本省行政区域内县级以上人民政府统计机构作出行政处罚决定,可以适用简易程序的,按照本规定执行。行政处罚决定的实施应当遵循公开、公正、合法、高效的原则。

  第三条对公民处以五十元以下、对法人或者其他组织处以一千元以下罚款或者警告的行政处罚,且符合下列条件的,可以适用简易程序,当场作出行政处罚决定。

  (一)违法事实清楚,情节简单。指执法人员当场取得充分有效的证据,并依此认定违法事实,当事人对违法事实确认并无异议。

  (二)有法定依据。指当事人受到行政处罚的违法行为,在统计法律、法规或规章中有明确规定。

  (三)违法行为轻微,尚未造成严重后果。

  第四条按照简易程序的适用条件,下列违法行为可适用简易程序予以处罚:

  (一)符合《中华人民共和国统计法》第二十七条规定,虚报、瞒报、伪造、篡改统计资料数额较小或者占应报数额的比例较低的;

  (二)符合《中华人民共和国统计法》第二十七条规定,拒报或者屡次迟报统计资料行为轻微,尚未造成严重后果的;

  (三)符合《涉外调查管理办法》第三十一条规定处以五百元至一千元罚款的;

  (四)符合《统计从业资格认定办法》第二十五条规定处以一千元以下罚款的;

  (五)符合《全国经济普查条例》第三十六条和《全国农业普查条例》第三十九条规定,在调查(含普查、大型专项调查)中拒绝填报调查表的;

  (六)符合《统计调查证管理办法》第十二条规定处以警告或者一千元以下罚款的。

  (七)其他情节轻微的统计违法行为。

  第五条在适用简易程序时,法律、法规规定的必经程序不能简化。按以下步骤实施:

  (一)提前通知被检查单位;

  (二)执法人员不得少于两人;

  (三)检查前执法人员应当出示统计执法检查证或者法律、法规、规章规定的其他执法证件;

  (四)检查中应当如实准确制作相关执法检查文书,并签字、盖章;

  (五)作出处罚决定前,必须告知当事人作出行政处罚决定的事实、理由及依据,并告知当事人依法享有陈述和申辩的权利。统计行政机关必须充分听取当事人的意见,并做好笔录;

  (六)填写预定格式、编有号码的《统计行政处罚决定书》,并当场送达被检查单位。《统计行政处罚决定书》应当载明下列事项:

  1文书名称;

  2文书编号;

  3当事人基本情况,包括被处罚单位名称、地址,法定代表人姓名、职务;

  4作出处罚决定的时间、地点;

  5主要违法事实情节;

  6作出处罚决定的法律、法规、规章依据;

  7作出处罚决定的种类及罚款数额;

  8告知当事人申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼的期限和受理机关;

  9被处罚单位法定代表人(委托代理人)签名;

  10统计执法检查人员签名;

  11作出当场处罚决定的机关名称和作出决定的日期;

  12作出当场处罚决定的机关印章。

  (七)作出当场处罚决定时,应同时责令当事人限期改正并在规定时间内向统计行政机关报送整改措施。未落实整改措施,再次发生同类性质违法行为的,应按照一般程序处理。

  (八)当场作出行政处罚决定的,必须在两日内报所属统计行政机关备案。

  第六条有下列情形之一的,不适用简易程序:

  (一)被检查单位对认定的违法事实否认或者不认可;

  (二)被检查单位在两年内有统计违法记录;

  (三)对统计行政机关的执法检查推诿、阻挠或者有不配合统计执法检查的行为;

  (四)被检查单位统计基础工作不规范。

  第七条统计行政机关在适用简易程序处理案件的过程中,发现不符合简易程序适用条件的,应当及时立案,转换适用一般程序;已经适用一般程序立案调查的案件,不得反向转换适用简易程序。

  第八条统计执法人员办理备案手续后,应当在七日内制作《结案登记表》,办理案件结案手续。适用简易程序的案件应当建立规范的档案卷宗,卷宗内材料齐全,排列有序。

  第九条当事人对统计行政机关当场作出的行政处罚决定不服的,可以依法申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼。

  第十条本规定由湖北省统计局负责解释。

  第十一条本规定自2008年9月1日起施行。

国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组《关于加强空运进口贷物管理的暂行办法》的通知(附英文)

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组《关于加强空运进口贷物管理的暂行办法》的通知(附英文)

1987年8月25日,国务院办公厅

通知
各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院各部委、各直属机构:
国务院口岸领导小组《关于加强空运进口货物运输管理的暂行办法》,已经国务院同意,现转发给你们,请遵照执行。

关于加强空运进口货物管理的暂行办法
随着我国对外贸易和对外经济技术交流的发展,空运进口货物的数量迅速增长,空港疏运任务日益繁重。为了加速空港货物流转,避免积压,特作如下暂行规定:
一、凡利用空运进口货物的单位,在委托有经营该项商品进口业务权的外贸、工贸公司订货时,必须按受委托单位的要求认真填写进口订货单,其中收货单位一栏要写明单位全称和详细地址,并注明联系人姓名和电话号码。
二、因卖方责任造成进口货物短缺或者毁损,需向卖方提出索赔和补发货物时,由原订货公司对外办理。因特殊情况,由进口用货单位自办的,必须要求卖方在运单上注明合同号、收货人(委托外运公司或其他货运代理部门进行代理的,填外运公司或其他货运代理部门),并将办理结果及时通知原订货公司。
三、外贸、工贸公司应当按照批准的经营进口商品的分工范围,接受委托订货。对需要进口许可证的货物,进口用货单位如果没有办妥许可证,外贸、工贸公司不得受理。外贸、工贸公司应当严格按照有关规定审核进口订货单和编写唛头代号标记。有关业务人员应当认真掌握唛头标记的组成结构,严格按照每个代号的次序排列,不得颠倒、错写和增减。
新批准成立的外贸、工贸公司,应当在批准之日起一个月内向经贸部(运输局)申请办理唛头代号。尚未申请的,一律在本办法下发之日起一个月内补办手续。任何单位不得自编和借用其他单位的代号。经贸部(运输局)应当对各外贸、工贸公司使用的唛头代号,定期进行检查和清理。
四、外贸、工贸公司对外签订空运进口货物合同,应当争取采用fob价格(卖方将货物交到买方指定飞机上的价格)条款,充分使用我国民航飞机,尽量利用外运公司或其他货运代理部门在国外的空运代理。
外贸、工贸公司对外签订的合同条款中,应当充分考虑国内报关和疏运方面的需要。要求卖方填写运单、制作单据发票时,必须填写同一唛头标记、合同号,并提供足够的份数。在货物外包装上,应当要求卖方刷制完整醒目的唛头标记。
五、外贸、工贸公司签订合同后,应当及时将合同副本、许可证等有关材料,寄送外运公司或其他货运代理部门,作为接交报关代运的依据。
六、民航货运部门在空运进口货物到港后,应及时与外运公司或其他货运代理部门办理货物的交接工作,逐票点清。如果货物发生短缺、破损或者全票货物丢失,应当由民航货运部门签发商务记录。
七、外运公司和其他货运代理部门在收到委托代理报关的货物后,应当在海关规定的期限内,及时办理报关分拨。对虽属委托报关但报关手续不全,或者没有委托报关但又属货运代理部门负责通知的,外运公司或其他货运代理部门应当在报关期限内,向订货或者收货单位发出三次通知或查询函。即货到后第一次发到货通知或查询函;超过一个月未能报关的,第二次发催报通知或查询函;超过两个月未能报关的,第三次发催报通知或查询函。信件一律用挂号发出。
由民航货运部门直接交付收货人的货物,民航要在货到后两个月内发出三次催报通知。
八、为了弄清情况,以利催报,对空运进口货物自运输工具申报进境之日起满两个月尚未报关的,民航货运部门、外运公司或其他货运代理部门可分别向海关申请开拆货物包装。货物包装开拆应当在海关的监督下进行。开箱记录由海关签字证明。
九、收货单位不得借故不报关、不提货。如确有原因,应及时向海关和民航货运部门、外运公司或其他货运代理部门说明理由,并在三个月内处理完毕。在此期间,收货单位对广告资料、样品、礼品以及失去时效的索赔件可以向海关声明放弃。对根据合同进口的货物和尚未失去时效的索赔件,原则上不得放弃;确有理由放弃的,必须经主管部门批准。
十、海关应当本着既把关又服务的精神,简化手续,加快进口货物的验放速度。对于进口货物验凭国家规定的批准证件按规章予以放行。
海关对于索赔货物,应按照海关总署《关于无代价抵偿进出口货物的征免税规定》验放。对当时交验索赔证明有困难的,在收货人提供必要的担保后,海关可先予以放行,并限期补办手续。对于不属国家限制进口商品且又无法提供发票的样品、礼品,经收货人申请,海关可以开箱查验,做出估价,并按规章予以征税或免税放行。
十一、收货单位自运输工具申报进境之日起,超过三个月未向海关申报的,其进口货物即应由民航货运部门、外运公司或者其他货运代理部门分别移交海关变卖处理。变卖应当遵循经济、节约、物尽其用的原则,仪器、机械设备应当尽可能变卖给有关单位。
变卖所得货款在扣除运输、装卸、储存等费用和税款后,尚有余款的,自货物变卖之日起一年内,经收货单位申请,由海关予以发还;对逾期无人申请的,上缴国库。
十二、进口用货单位,外贸、工贸公司,外运公司和其他货运代理部门以及空港所在地海关等,要严格执行本办法,并应根据本办法建立和健全规章制度,明确岗位责任。
十三、各地口岸委(办)应当根据国务院办公厅《关于地方口岸管理机构职责范围暂行规定》(国办发〔1987〕21号),组织口岸有关单位,对本办法的执行情况进行检查,遇有矛盾及时协调解决。
对违反本办法造成空港压货,致使货物变质、索赔件失去时效或者出现无主货等现象的,应当查清情况,追究责任方或者责任人员的经济和行政责任。
十四、国务院口岸办应当会同经贸部、海关总署、中国民航局等部门,按本办法的规定定期进行检查,及时研究解决存在的问题。
国务院口岸领导小组
一九八七年八月二日

INTERIM MEASURES CONCERNING STRENGTHENING ADMINISTRATION OF IM-PORTS BY AIR

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM MEASURES CONCERNING STRENGTHENING ADMINISTRATION OF IM-
PORTS BY AIR
(Approved and promulgated by the State Council on August 25, 1987)
With the development of China's foreign trade and economic and
technological exchanges with foreign countries, the amount of imports by
air has increased rapidly and the task of transporting goods from airports
has become increasingly arduous. The following interim measures are
formulated in order to speed up the flow of goods at airports to prevent
goods from being kept too long in storage:
1. When entrusting the foreign trade companies and the industrial trade
companies which are empowered to import the relevant commodities to do the
ordering, the units importing goods through air transport must
conscientiously fill out import orders according to the instructions of
the entrusted units. The full name of the units and the detailed addresses
must be written in the column for the consignee, with the names and
telephone numbers of the persons in charge clearly indicated.
2. When it is necessary to claim damages and demand resupply of goods from
the seller because of lack or loss of imported goods caused by the seller,
the company which did the ordering shall be responsible for the work
involved. If, in special cases, the job must be done by the users
themselves, it is necessary to ask the seller to indicate clearly on the
way bill the number of the contract and the consignee (if foreign trade
transport companies or other agent transport departments are entrusted to
do the job, the names of these companies or departments shall be
indicated) and notify the company which did the ordering of the goods of
the results.
3. Foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies should accept
entrustment for ordering goods within the approved scope of business for
handling imported commodities. They must not accept entrustment from
those user units which have not obtained import licences for the goods.
These companies should examine and verify import orders and write the
marks, codes and symbols in strict accordance with the relevant
stipulations. The relevant personnel should be professionally familiar
with the structure of the marks and arrange the codes strictly according
to their order. No such mistakes as reversion, addition and subtraction
may be allowed.
Newly-established foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies
shall apply to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (or
its Transport Bureau) for marks and codes within one month of approval for
the establishment. Those companies which have not applied must go through
the formalities within one month of promulgation of these Measures. No
units may be allowed to devise their own codes or borrow the codes of
other units. The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (or its
Transport Bureau) shall conduct regular check-ups of the marks and codes
used by various companies.
4. When signing contracts of imports by air with foreign businessmen and
companies, foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies should
try to fix FOB prices (prices calculated on the basis that the seller
deliver the goods to the planes designated by the buyer) in the clauses so
that our civil aviation planes and the agencies for air transport of our
foreign trade transport companies or other agent transport companies
stationed in foreign countries will be used as much as possible. When
signing contracts with foreign businessmen and companies, foreign trade
companies and industrial trade companies should take into full
consideration the factors of Customs clearance and transport in China.
When the sellers are requested to write way-bills, bills and receipts,
they must provide consistent marks, codes and the numbers of the
contracts, with enough copies. It is also necessary to ask the sellers to
make eye-catching full-size marks and symbols on the outside packing of
the goods.
5. After signing contracts, foreign trade companies and industrial trade
companies shall promptly send copies of the contracts, the licences and
other relevant materials to foreign trade transport companies or other
agent transport companies as certificates for taking over the goods,
Customs clearance and transport.
6. After imported goods arrive at airports by air, transport departments
of the civil aviation administration shall promptly complete the
formalities for handing over the goods to the relevant foreign trade
transport companies and other agent transport companies, with every lot of
goods carefully checked. In case of any lack or damage of the goods or of
loss of the whole lot of goods, transport departments of the civil
aviation administration shall sign and issue certificates.
7. After receiving the goods entrusted for Customs clearance, foreign
trade transport companies or other agent transport companies should go
through the formalities within the time limit prescribed by the Customs.
With respect to the goods which have been entrusted for Customs clearance
but are not armed with adequate number of documents and those goods which
have not been entrusted but belong to the category for which agent
transport companies have the duty to notify the relevant units, these
companies should send three notices or letters of inquiry to the units
ordering the goods or the consignee within the limited Customs clearance
period. Upon the arrival of the goods, a notice of arrival or a letter of
inquiry shall be sent; if the goods are not cleared through the Customs
within a month, a notice of pressing for Customs clearance or a letter of
inquiry shall be sent; if the goods are not cleared through the Customs
within two months, another notice of pressing for Customs clearance or a
third letter of inquiry shall be sent. All the notices and letters shall
be sent by registered mail. With respect to the goods which should be
directly handed over to the consignee by transport departments of the
civil aviation administrations, the departments shall send three notices
of pressing for Customs clearance within two months of the arrival of the
goods.
8. In order to find out the real situation to facilitate the Customs
clearance, in case that goods imported by air are not cleared through the
Customs two months after the day when the means of transport were declared
for entry, transport departments of the civil aviation administration,
foreign trade transport companies or other agent transport departments may
send separate applications to the Customs for opening the packing of the
goods. The opening of the packing shall be conducted under the supervision
of the Customs, which shall sign and issue the relevant certificates.
9. Under no excuses may consignees refuse to go through the formalities
concerning Customs clearance and refuse to take delivery of their goods.
When there are good reasons, they should promptly explain to the Customs,
transport departments of the civil aviation administrations, foreign trade
transport companies or other agent transport departments, and complete the
job within three months. During this period, the consignees may declare to
the Customs that they abandon the relevant advertisement material,
samples, presents and those documents of claims for damages which have
exceeded the prescribed period of validity. The goods imported through
contracts and those documents of claims for damages which have not
exceeded the prescribed period of validity may not be abandoned in
principle. When there are good reasons for the abandonment, approval must
be obtained from the competent department.
10. The Customs should simplify the formalities and speed up the
examination and clearance of imported goods in the spirit of providing
good service but with strict examination. The imported goods with
documents of approval issued by the
State shall be cleared according to the relevant regulations.
The goods for which damages have been claimed shall be examined and
cleared in accordance with the Stipulations Concerning Imposition of or
Exemption from duties on Imported and Exported Goods Compensated at No
Costs formulated by the General Administration of Customs. If it is
difficult for the consignees to produce the certificates of claims for the
examination on the spot, the Customs may clear the goods first after the
consignees provide necessary guarantee and promise to go through the
formalities within the time limit. With respect to the samples and
presents which do not belong to the category of imported goods restricted
by the State but are not supported by receipts, upon the application of
the consignees, the Customs may open the packing for examination, offer an
appraised price and clear the goods with or without taxes according to the
regulations.
11. If consignees fail to declare to the Customs within three months of
the declaration for entry by the means of transport, their imported goods
shall be transferred to the Customs for sale by the transport departments
of the civil aviation administration, foreign trade transport companies or
other agent transport department. The goods should be sold in the
principle of economy and making the best use of everything. Instruments
and machinery equipment should be sold as far as possible to the relevant
units. The money from the sale of such goods, after the deduction of the
expenses for transport, loading and unloading and storage as well as the
duties, shall be returned by the Customs to the consignees upon their
applications within one year of selling. The money shall be turned over to
the State treasury if no one applies for it.
12. Units importing goods, foreign trade companies, industrial trade
companies, foreign trade transport companies and other agent transport
departments as well as the Customs at the airports must all strictly
implement these Measures and should, in accordance with these Measures,
establish and amplify their
rules and regulations and clarify post responsibilities.
13. The commissions (or offices) in charge of port affairs in various
regions shall, in accordance with the Interim Provisions for the Scope of
Competence of Local Administrative Organs for Port Affairs issued by the
General Office of the State Council, organize various relevant units at
the ports to jointly check the implementation of these Measures and solve
contradictions promptly through coordinated efforts.
In case that goods have gone bad, documents claiming for damages have
exceeded the prescribed period, or owners of the goods cannot be found
because of clogged airports caused by violations of these Measures,
investigations shall be carried out to pursue the economic and
administrative liabilities of the responsible units or persons.
14. The Leading Group for Port Affairs of the State Council shall, in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, the
General Administration of Customs, the Civil Aviation Administration of
China and other relevant departments, conduct regular checkups and
promptly review and solve existing problems.


澳洲等国的施工留置权、押记权及SOP法案
——兼论附条件支付条款Pay if Paid和Pay when Paid的危害
黎广军

摘要: 文章阐述了押记(Charge)和附条件支付条款的概念,以及澳洲、新西兰等国的施工留置权、押记权和付款保障(SOP)法案的历史及其发展。文章认为我国法律欠缺一种即不享有财产所有权也不占有财产而是对抗现有及未来财产之利益的担保物权,并认为设立施工留置权和押记权可为施工人员提供双保险的法律救济。
关键词: 物权法; 不动产; 工程拖欠款; 施工留置权; 押记权; pay if paid; pay when paid; SOP法案


工程拖欠款是古今中外都遇到的问题。历史上,留置权和押记权广泛用于保护体力劳动者。随着社会经济的发展和建设规模的日益庞大,工程承包层次越来越复杂,而附条件支付条款使施工合同链上层的欠款和垫资转移到了合同链底层,造成了许多问题。为此,21世纪以来,澳洲等国颁布了《建筑施工行业付款保障法案》或《施工合同法案》,统称 SOP Act (Security Of Payment Act 付款保障法案)。本文对此进行了探究。
我国并无与英国法Charge相同的法律定义,一般译为抵押或担保,而香港译为押记,本文采用后者译法。

1 押记 (Charge) 的简述

1.1 财产担保的四大类型

(1) 享有财产所有权但不占有财产,例如抵押、让与担保、设备信托 (设备融资贷款)、不动产留置等;
(2) 享有财产所有权并占有财产,例如动产留置;
(3) 不享有财产所有权但占有财产,例如质押;
(4) 不享有财产所有权也不占有财产,例如押记。

1.2 押记 (Charge) 的概念

押记权对抗现有及未来财产 (包括无形财产) 的利益,其它担保物权对抗现有财产的所有权或客体。财产担保贷款的押记契据须依法登记,借款人违约时,贷款人有权接管财产或依法拍卖,强取财产的收益以清偿欠债。法院颁布的押记令(Charging Order)俗称钉契令,债务人还清欠债前,不能从钉契财产中获得利益。

历史上抵押与押记混为一谈,例如楼花按揭。楼宇按揭贷款时,即使借款人还欠1元,贷款人仍有楼宇全部所有权而借款人只有居住权和出租权,极不合理。1984年香港颁布的《物业转易及财产条例》(香港法例第219章)第44条(1)款规定:“在本条生效日期后,任何法定产业权的按揭,包括该法定产业权的第二次或其后按揭,在法律上只可藉明订为法定押记的契据作出。”(3)款规定:“本条一经生效,凡在本条生效日期前以转让法定产业权方式作出按揭,就本条而言,按揭财产须当作再予转让,而该按揭须当作已解除及由一项法定押记代替。”(见港府香港法例网www.legislation.gov.hk)。从此,须转让所有权的按揭 (Mortgage大陆译“抵押”) 改革为法定押记 (Legal Charge),并容许同一物业设立多个法定押记。但“按揭”早已成为香港日常生活用语并已形成商业惯例,以至出现法律概念的混乱。

我国上世纪从香港引入楼宇按揭后,对按揭的法律性质出现了“不动产抵押说”、“权利抵押说”、“权利质押说”、“让与担保说”四种观点的争论。[1]

我国《公司法》未规定公司债券的担保方法。香港公司有押记登记册,公司财产的押记还必须在公司注册处登记。发行公司债券可用押记担保。依法登记的押记契据犹如一种记名债券,而债券持有人即不享有财产所有权也不占有财产。所谓“按揭证券化”实质上是贷款机构将楼宇押记契据“分拆”为许多份债券转售。

1.3 浮动押记与固定押记以及“公司担保”

押记分为浮动押记 (Floating Charge) 与固定押记 (Fixed Charge),前者适用不时变化的财产(存货、应收帐款、无形资产等),后者适用不变化的财产(不动产、设备、特许权等),两者均适用现有及未来财产。借款人在正常经营活动中有权自由处置浮动押记财产,但处置固定押记财产须经贷款人同意。例如,流动资产(材料、在产品、成品等存货)不时处于买入、卖出和变化之中,可用浮动押记担保贷款,这就发掘了企业融资能力。清算时,浮动押记具体化为固定押记,此时债务人无权再处置押记财产;浮动押记优先于无担保债权但劣于所有优先债权,而固定押记优先于所有优先债权。

在帐面债项上设立固定押记的依据是Siebe Gorman & Co. Ltd v. Barclays Bank Ltd ([1979] 2 Lloyd’s Rep142),但2005年6月30日英国上议院一致推翻了该判例。根据该终审,区分浮动押记与固定押记的关键不在于押记财产的性质,而在于债务人能否自由处置押记财产。[2]

例如,以公司现有及未来全部财产的利益为担保 (“公司担保”)时,如是发行公司债券,可采用浮动押记,使公司可自由处置押记财产;如是投资项目贷款,例如BOT公路,应按投资项目各类财产的性质分别设立浮动押记和固定押记,使借款人无权自由处置项目公司的不动产、特许权等。故此,有些司法区禁止在不动产上设立浮动押记,例如香港法例第128章(土地注册条例)第2A条及第585章(土地业权条例)第42条。

1.4 美国法的Floating Lien (浮动留置)

美国法 Floating Lien 类似英国法 Floating Charge,美国《统一商法典》第9-204条 (后得财产;未来贷款) 的官方注释称,该条采用了Floating Lien 原理。例如流动资产担保贷款,借款人违约或破产时,贷款人依法取得借款人的材料、半成品、成品等存货 (后得财产),如同行使留置权。英国法的借款人也无权再处置浮动押记具体化为固定押记的财产,犹如已被贷款人留置。

美国和加拿大有些州的施工留置权人除了留置不动产,还可同时留置不动产的担保贷款(未来贷款)和租金收入以及施工合同的保留金和承包商付款担保的保额等,亦即同时留置业主和承包商在不动产上的利益。①

2 澳洲的施工留置权和押记权

施工留置权类似已到期的抵押权,采用登记制。它有许多优点,但工人申请拍卖在建工程如同申请失业。而押记权只是对抗财产的利益,强制执行押记权的方式包括强取债务人在财产上的收益。与金融业不同,生产业的押记权无须事前登记,一般采用通知制度。

2.1 南澳洲和北领地的《工人留置权法案》