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国家农业综合开发办公室关于印发《国家农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目管理暂行规定》的通知

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国家农业综合开发办公室关于印发《国家农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目管理暂行规定》的通知

国家农业综合开发办公室


国家农业综合开发办公室关于印发《国家农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目管理暂行规定》的通知

1995年12月7日,国家农业综合开发办公室

有关省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市农业综合开发领导小组(办公室),农业部、林业部、水利部:
为加强农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目的管理,根据国办发〔1994〕72号、(94)国农综字第29号文件要求,特制定《国家农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目管理暂行规定》,现印发给你们,请遵照执行。对执行中出现的问题,请及时上报我办。

附件:国家农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目管理暂行规定

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了进一步贯彻、落实《国家农业综合开发项目管理办法》,充分利用和发挥开发项目区农业资源优势,促进项目区粮棉油等主要农产品生产的发展,提高开发效益,增强综合生产能力,增加农民收入,加强对农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目的管理,特制定本规定。
第二条 农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目是国家农业综合开发项目的重要组成部分,是指在农业综合开发中发展粮棉油等主要农产品生产以外的、直接经济效益较高的种植业、养殖业和农副产品加工业等项目。
第三条 农业综合开发多种经营项目应在国家立项的项目区内安排,龙头项目原则上在开发区内安排。农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目都要充分利用开发项目区的各种农业资源和经济技术优势,与土地开发治理密切协调,把稳定增加粮棉油等主要农产品生产和增加农民收入有机结合起来。
第四条 农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目,必须符合国家的产业政策和本地区农业整体发展规划,布局合理,重点突出,集中投入,规模经营,并能带动项目区及周边地区农民显著增收,对开发区农林牧副渔各业的全面发展具有重要的示范、推动作用。
第五条 农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目,应以资源为基础,以市场为导向,以科技为依托,以效益为中心,并应具有高起点、高科技含量、高经济效益和带动作用强等特征。
第六条 农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目开发资金包括各级财政农业综合开发资金、农业综合开发专项贷款、乡村集体和农民自筹资金以及外资等。提倡广泛吸收社会资金,积极引进外资,采取内引外联、招商引资、股份制经营、合资经营等多种方式,多渠道、多层次、多形式筹集资金,实行开放式开发、经营式开发和滚动式开发。

第二章 项目建议的申报和审批
第七条 农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目应与土地治理项目统一规划,分别报批,并实行自下而上逐级申报、自上而下逐级择优审批的管理程序。即项目单位应首先在充分调查研究、统一规划布局的基础上,逐级向县、地、省级和国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室递交多种经营及龙头项目建议书,进行项目申报,所有申报项目的总投资原则上不得少于100万元。省级和国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室统一汇总后,于每年的6至11月将优选项目报送国家农业综合开发办公室。
第八条 国家和省级、国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室均应分门别类建立多种经营及龙头项目项目库。项目库应做到全面、完整、统一,并逐步实现两级间联网。国家农业综合开发办公室在建立项目库的基础上,对项目进行初选,下达项目初选通知。各省级和国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室接到项目初选通知后,要根据国家下达的投资限额和有关规定,认真编写可行性研究报告。
第九条 农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目可行性研究报告的内容应主要包括:项目背景,资源条件,厂(场)址选择,产品市场分析,拟建规模,建设期及主要建设内容,投资估算及其来源,效益分析,承担开发单位的资产负债情况及还款办法,实施计划及措施等。
第十条 国家对农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目实行分级评估论证、统一审批立项的办法。在项目总投资中,中央财政投资超过200万元(含)、农行贷款超过1000万元(含)的项目,需经国家农业综合开发办公室会同或委托有关部门对可行性研究报告进行评估论证;其余项目由省级农业综合开发办公室会同有关部门对可行性研究报告进行评估论证。所有经过评估论证并可行的项目,经省级和国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室汇总上报,由国家农业综合开发办公室统一审批立项,并下达正式立项通知。

第三章 项目计划的编制和实施
第十一条 国家对农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目计划实行年度计划报批办法。各省级和国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室要根据国家的正式立项通知,按照国家的规定表式及要求,及时编制年度实施计划,报国家农业综合开发办公室审批。
第十二条 省级和国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室向国家农业综合开发办公室报送多种经营及龙头项目计划时,需提供如下材料:
一、按规定格式编制的计划表及说明一式10份;
二、省级农业综合开发办公室和农业发展银行对申报项目的审定意见;
三、省级财政部门对承担配套资金、按期归还财政有偿资金的承诺书。
第十三条 农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目,由各级农业综合开发办公室统一组织实施,其中龙头项目的承办单位可以是现有的经济实体,也可以是新组建的企业公司或企业集团。允许各种经济成分参与对多种经营及龙头项目的开发。
第十四条 项目计划批复下达后,建设单位要严格按有关批复进行设计、施工,不得擅自变更项目的建设地点、期限、规模、内容和标准,如因特殊情况,确需变更的,需报国家农业综合开发办公室批准。
第十五条 项目计划实施时,资金要跟着项目走,并根据工程进度,及时办理拨、借款手续,任何单位不得以任何借口迟滞资金到位,贻误工期。资金到位半年以上,工程仍未开工的,国家农业综合开发办公室有权将中央财政资金收回(或扣回)。

第四章 项目实施的检查和监督
第十六条 各级农业综合开发办公室要加强对项目实施的检查监督,经常组织有关专家,深入项目建设单位对工程进度和施工质量进行检查,督促项目建设单位确保项目建设标准,发现问题要及时纠正,保证项目按期建成投产。
第十七条 各级农业综合开发办公室要加强对项目资金的检查监督,确保各项资金按时足额到位,合理安排使用,保证有关部门和项目建设单位严格执行农业综合开发资金管理的有关规定。要定期对资金的落实、投向、使用和效益情况进行检查,防止侵占、挪用和铺张浪费,对违规违纪的要严肃处理,情节严重的要追究当事人的法律责任。
第十八条 各级农业综合开发办公室要加强对农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目建档、建制工作的检查指导,建立专管制度、落实专管人员,使农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目的档案管理工作逐步走向科学化、系统化和规范化。
第十九条 项目建设单位要按有关规定及时向各级农业综合开发办公室报送工作总结、工程进度和财务决算。

第五章 项目竣工的验收和移交
第二十条 农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目竣工后,应单独组织验收。验收采取分级验收的办法,其中地(市)、县级农业综合开发办公室等部门要对所有竣工项目进行逐个验收,国家和省级、国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室则对重点项目组织验收。凡验收合格的,分别由验收组织单位发给合格证。验收的主要内容包括:
一、项目是否按计划完成;
二、工程建设是否符合标准,是否达到设计要求;
三、各种资金是否及时、足额到位,资金使用是否符合有关规定;
四、有关经济指标是否达到设计要求;
五、上级下达的其他效益指标是否完成。
第二十一条 国家和省级、国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室组织验收时,项目建设单位需提供如下资料:
一、项目建设工作总结报告;
二、项目竣工财务决算报表及审计报告;
三、项目批复文件及有关图表;
四、项目管护制度。
第二十二条 要建立健全农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目竣工验收移交制度,及时办理交接手续,落实产权归属和经营管理责任制,确保预期经济效益目标的实现和防止国有资产的流失。

第六章 附 则
第二十三条 本规定自1996年1月1日起执行,凡其他规定有与本规定相抵触之处,以本规定为准。各省级和国务院有关部门农业综合开发办公室可依据本规定,制定本地区、本部门农业综合开发多种经营及龙头项目管理实施细则,并报国家农业综合开发办公室备案。
本规定由国家农业综合开发办公室负责解释。


对职务犯罪法律特征的分析

李俊杰


  近年来,随着思想观念和价值取向的多元化,加上体制、法制、经济的原因,职务犯罪不断地滋生和蔓延,而且,愈演愈烈,以至成为世纪顽疾,职务犯罪是最严重的腐败,这种状况,严重损害了党和政府的形象,严重挫伤了人民群众的积极性和创造性,严重扰乱了社会经济秩序,阻碍了社会主义现代化建设的进程。因此,预防职务犯罪已成为关系党和国家命运的重大问题。笔者想从以下三个方面阐述一下职务犯罪。
  1、职务犯罪的概念:科学界定职务犯罪的概念,是研究职务犯罪及其控制的前提和基础,关于何为职务犯罪,不同学科从不同角度作出不同的阐释。从犯罪学的角度出发,有人提出职务犯罪就是有权的人进行的犯罪,从社会学的角度出发,有人提出职务犯罪是公职人员违背公认规范背离既定管理目标的行为,从伦理学的角度出发,有人提出职务犯罪是社会道德尤其是公务人员道德的堕落,还有人从政治学的角度出发,提出职务犯罪是运用公共权力实现和私人目标的行为,上述定义从社会科学院的不同角度对职务犯罪的概念进行了阐述,职务犯罪实际是一个法律概念。基于上述分析,我们认为职务犯罪是指国家工作人员利用职务上的便利,非法牟取经济利益或者不履行职责,不正确履行职责,妨害国家对职务行为的管理活动,依法应受刑罚处罚的犯罪行为的总称。
  2、法律特征:在研究职务犯罪时,往往存在着将职务犯罪的特征与构成分别加以阐述的情况。笔者认为,研究职务犯罪的法律特征应当同研究职务犯罪的构成结合起来,并力求从犯罪构成的角度来研究职务犯罪的特征,使职务犯罪的特征牢牢扎根于犯罪构成这一基础上,这样才能帮助我们更全面、更准确、更深刻地认识职务犯罪。事实上犯罪构成反映的就是犯罪的本质特征,根据犯罪构成的一般理论概括出来的职务犯罪与其他刑事犯罪的区别,所在也必然反映着职务犯罪的法律特征。
  (1)职务犯罪主体构成的多元性。根据我国刑法规定,作为职务犯罪主体的国家工作人员,包括多个组成部分,各组成部分共同构成了职务犯罪的主体。①、国家机关中从事公务的人员,国家机关工作人员可以分为严格意义上的国家机关工作人员和其他国家机关工作人员。②、国有单位中从事公务人的人员指在国有公司企业、事业单位、人民团体中从事公务的人员。③、国有单位委派人员,指国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位委派到非国有公司,企业、事业单位、社会团体从事公务的人员。④、其他依照法律从事公务的人员,指依法履行职责的各级人民代表大会的代表,依法履行职责的各级人员政协委员,人民赔审员、协助人民政府从事行政管理共和的村民委员会等农村基层组织人员协助人民政府从事行政管理工作的城市居民委员会人员。
  (2)职务犯罪罪过心理的兼有性,从我国刑法的规定情况看,职务犯罪既有故意犯罪,也有过失犯罪,新旧刑法关于职务犯罪的主观方面的规定变化较大,主要表现在修订刑法在职务犯罪的主观罪过类型上,取消了既可有故意又可由过失构成的职务犯罪,规定每一个罪名或由故意构成或由过失构成。
  (3)职务犯罪行为与公务的关联性。我国刑法规定的职务犯罪种类繁多,每一犯罪活动的客观外在表现各异,这是它们的个性所在。但通过纷繁复杂的职务犯罪行为方式,可以发现所有职务犯罪行为的共同特征——与公务的关联性。
  (4)职务犯罪侵犯客体的多重性。大多数犯罪一般只侵犯某一种社会关系,担所有职务犯罪都要侵犯两种或两种以上的社会关系,既犯罪客体为多重客体,如果将职务犯罪作为与普遍刑事犯罪相区别的一类犯罪,那么此类犯罪无一例外地侵犯了国家对职务活动的管理职能,同时还侵犯了具体的社会关系。职务犯罪除侵犯了国家对职务活动的管理职能这一同类客体外,往往还要侵犯其他的具体社会关系。如受贿罪还同时侵犯了国家工作人员职务行为的廉洁性,刑讯逼供罪同时侵犯了公民的人身权利,这表明职务犯罪侵犯的客体是多重的,要求我们在认定职务犯罪时,不仅要看到职务犯罪客体的特定性,而且还应注意职务犯罪客体的复杂性,从而正确划分职务犯罪的范围,充分认识其社会危害的广泛和严重性。


北安市人民法院 李俊杰

中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

财政部


中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

1993年12月25日,财政部

细则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》(以下简称条例)第二十八条的规定,制定本细则。
第二条 条例第一条所称货物,是指有形动产,包括电力、热力、气体在内。
条例第一条所称加工,是指受托加工货物,即委托方提供原料及主要材料,受托方按照委托方的要求制造货物并收取加工费的业务。
条例第一条所称修理修配,是指受托对损伤和丧失功能的货物进行修复,使其恢复原状和功能的业务。
第三条 条例第一条所称销售货物,是指有偿转让货物的所有权。
条例第一条所称提供加工、修理修配劳务,是指有偿提供加工、修理修配劳务。但单位或个体经营者聘用的员工为本单位或雇主提供加工、修理修配劳务,不包括在内。
本细则所称有偿,包括从购买方取得货币、货物或其他经济利益。
第四条 单位或个体经营者的下列行为,视同销售货物:
(一)将货物交付他人代销;
(二)销售代销货物;
(三)设有两个以上机构并实行统一核算的纳税人,将货物从一个机构移送其他机构用于销售,但相关机构设在同一县(市)的除外;
(四)将自产或委托加工的货物用于非应税项目;
(五)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物作为投资,提供给其他单位或个体经营者;
(六)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物分配给股东或投资者;
(七)将自产、委托加工的货物用于集体福利或个人消费;
(八)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物无偿赠送他人。
第五条 一项销售行为如果既涉及货物又涉及非应税劳务,为混合销售行为。从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者的混合销售行为,视为销售货物,应当征收增值税;其他单位和个人的混合销售行为,视为销售非应税劳务,不征收增值税。
纳税人的销售行为是否属于混合销售行为,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
本条第一款所称非应税劳务,是指属于应缴营业税的交通运输业、建筑业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业税目征收范围的劳务。
本条第一款所称从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者,包括以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主,并兼营非应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者在内。
第六条 纳税人兼营非应税劳务的,应分别核算货物或应税劳务和非应税劳务的销售额。不分别核算或者不能准确核算的,其非应税劳务应与货物或应税劳务一并征收增值税。
纳税人兼营的非应税劳务是否应当一并征收增值税,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
第七条 条例第一条所称在中华人民共和国境内(以下简称境内)销售货物,是指所销售的货物的起运地或所在地在境内;
条例第一条所称在境内销售应税劳务,是指所销售的应税劳务发生在境内。
第八条 条例第一条所称单位,是指国有企业、集体企业、私有企业、股份制企业、其他企业和行政单位、事业单位、军事单位、社会团体及其他单位。
条例第一条所称个人,是指个体经营者及其他个人。
第九条 企业租赁或承包给他人经营的,以承租人或承包人为纳税人。
第十条 纳税人销售不同税率货物或应税劳务,并兼营应属一并征收增值税的非应税劳务的,其非应税劳务应从高适用税率。
第十一条 小规模纳税人以外的纳税人(以下简称一般纳税人)因销货退回或折让而退还给购买方的增值税额,应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销项税额中扣减,因进货退出或折让而收回的增值税额,应从发生进货退出或折让当期的进项税额中扣减。
第十二条 条例第六条所称价外费用,是指价外向购买方收取的手续费、补贴、基金、集资费返还利润、奖励费、违约金(延期付款利息)、包装费、包装物租金、储备费、优质费、运输装卸费、代收款项、代垫款项及其他各种性质的价外收费。但下列项目不包括在内:
(一)向购买方收取的销项税额;
(二)受托加工应征消费税的消费品所代收代缴的消费税;
(三)同时符合以下条件的代垫运费:
1.承运部门的运费发票开具给购货方的;
2.纳税人将该项发票转交给购货方的。
凡价外费用,无论其会计制度如何核算,均应并入销售额计算应纳税额。
第十三条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务,依照本细则第五条、第六条规定应当征收增值税的,其销售额分别为货物与非应税劳务的销售额的合计,货物或者应税劳务与非应税劳务的销售额的合计。
第十四条 一般纳税人销售货物或者应税劳务采用销售额和销项税额合并定价方法的,按下列公式计算销售额:
含税销售额
销售额=-------
1+税率
第十五条 根据条例第六条的规定,纳税人按外汇结算销售额的,其销售额的人民币折合率可以选择销售额发生的当天或当月1日的国家外汇牌价(原则上为中间价)。纳税人应在事先确定采用何种折合率,确定后一年内不得变更。
第十六条 纳税人有条例第七条所称价格明显偏低并无正当理由或者有本细则第四条所列视同销售货物行为而无销售额者,按下列顺序确定销售额:
(一)按纳税人当月同类货物的平均销售价格确定;
(二)按纳税人最近时期同类货物的平均销售价格确定;
(三)按组成计税价格确定。组成计税价格的公式为:
组成计税价格=成本×(1+成本利润率)
属于应征消费税的货物,其组成计税价格中应加计消费税额。
公式中的成本是指:销售自产货物的为实际生产成本,销售外购货物的为实际采购成本。公式中的成本利润率由国家税务总局确定。
第十七条 条例第八条第三款所称买价,包括纳税人购进免税农业产品支付给农业生产者的价款和按规定代收代缴的农业特产税。
前款所称价款,是指经主管税务机关批准使用的收购凭证上注明的价款。
第十八条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务,依照本细则第五条、第六条的规定应当征收增值税的,该混合销售行为所涉及的非应税劳务和兼营的非应税劳务所用购进货物的进项税额,符合条例第八条规定的,准予从销项税额中抵扣。
第十九条 条例第十条所称固定资产是指:
(一)使用期限超过一年的机器、机械、运输工具以及其他与生产经营有关的设备、工具、器具;
(二)单位价值在2000元以上,并且使用年限超过两年的不属于生产经营主要设备的物品。
第二十条 条例第十条所称非应税项目,是指提供非应税劳务、转让无形资产、销售不动产和固定资产在建工程等。
纳税人新建、改建、扩建、修缮、装饰建筑物,无论会计制度规定如何核算,均属于前款所称固定资产在建工程。
第二十一条 条例第十条所称非正常损失,是指生产经营过程中正常损耗外的损失,包括:
(一)自然灾害损失;
(二)因管理不善造成货物被盗窃、发生霉烂变质等损失;
(三)其他非正常损失。
第二十二条 已抵扣进项税额的购进货物或应税劳务发生条例第十条第(二)至(六)项所列情况的,应将该项购进货物或应税劳务的进项税额从当期发生的进项税额中扣减。无法准确确定该项进项税额的,按当期实际成本计算应扣减的进项税额。
第二十三条 纳税人兼营免税项目或非应税项目(不包括固定资产在建工程)而无法准确划分不得抵扣的进项税额的,按下列公式计算不得抵扣的进项税额。
当月免税项目销售额、
不得抵 当月全 非应税项目营业额合计扣的进=部进项×----------项税额 税 额 当月全部销售额、
营业额合计
第二十四条 条例第十一条所称小规模纳税人的标准规定如下:
(一)从事货物生产或提供应税劳务的纳税人,以及以从事货物生产或提供应税劳务为主,并兼营货物批发或零售的纳税人,年应征增值税销售额(以下简称应税销售额)在100万元以下的;
(二)从事货物批发或零售的纳税人,年应税销售额在180万元以下的。
年应税销售额超过小规模纳税人标准的个人、非企业性单位、不经常发生应税行为的企业,视同小规模纳税人纳税。
第二十五条 小规模纳税人的销售额不包括其应纳税额。
小规模纳税人销售货物或应税劳务采用销售额和应纳税额合并定价方法的,按下列公式计算销售额:
含税销售额
销售额=-------
1+征收率
第二十六条 小规模纳税人因销货退回或折让退还给购买方的销售额,应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销售额中扣减。
第二十七条 条例第十四条所称会计核算健全,是指能按会计制度和税务机关的要求准确核算销项税额、进项税额和应纳税额。
第二十八条 个体经营者符合条例第十四条所定条件的,经国家税务总局直属分局批准,可以认定为一般纳税人。
第二十九条 小规模纳税人一经认定为一般纳税人后,不得再转为小规模纳税人。
第三十条 一般纳税人有下列情形之一者,应按销售额依照增值税税率计算应纳税额,不得抵扣进项税额,也不得使用增值税专用发票。
(一)会计核算不健全,或者不能够提供准确税务资料的;
(二)符合一般纳税人条件,但不申请办理一般纳税人认定手续的。
第三十一条 条例第十六条所列部分免税项目的范围,限定如下:
(一)第一款第(一)项所称农业,是指种植业、养殖业、林业、牧业、水产业。
农业生产者,包括从事农业生产的单位和个人。
农业产品,是指初级农业产品,具体范围由国家税务总局直属分局确定。
(二)第一款第(三)项所称古旧图书,是指向社会收购的古书和旧书。
(三)第一款第(八)项所称物品,是指游艇、摩托车、应征消费税的汽车以外的货物。
自己使用过的物品,是指本细则第八条所称其他个人自己使用过的物品。
第三十二条 条例第十八条所称增值税起征点的适用范围只限于个人。
增值税起征点的幅度规定如下:
(一)销售货物的起征点为月销售额600—2000元。
(二)销售应税劳务的起征点为月销售额200—800元。
(三)按次纳税的起征点为每次(日)销售额50—80元。
前款所称销售额,是指本细则第二十五条第一款所称小规模纳税人的销售额。
国家税务总局直属分局应在规定的幅度内,根据实际情况确定本地区适用的起征点,并报国家税务总局备案。
第三十三条 条例第十九条第(一)项规定的销售货物或者应税劳务的纳税义务发生时间,按销售结算方式的不同,具体为:
(一)采取直接收款方式销售货物,不论货物是否发出,均为收到销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据,并将提货单交给买方的当天;
(二)采取托收承付和委托银行收款方式销售货物,为发出货物并办妥托收手续的当天;
(三)采取赊销和分期收款方式销售货物,为按合同约定的收款日期的当天;
(四)采取预收货款方式销售货物,为货物发出的当天;
(五)委托其他纳税人代销货物,为收到代销单位销售的代销清单的当天;
(六)销售应税劳务,为提供劳务同时收讫销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据的当天;
(七)纳税人发生本细则第四条第(三)项至第(八)项所列视同销售货物行为,为货物移送的当天。
第三十四条 境外的单位或个人在境内销售应税劳务而在境内未设有经营机构的,其应纳税款以代理人为扣缴义务人;没有代理人的,以购买者为扣缴义务人。
第三十五条 非固定业户到外县(市)销售货物或者应税劳务未向销售地主管税务机关申报纳税的,由其机构所在地或者居住地主管税务机关补征税款。
第三十六条 条例第二十条所称税务机关,是指国家税务总局及其所属征收机关。
条例和本细则所称主管税务机关、征收机关,均指国家税务总局所属支局以上税务机关。
第三十七条 本细则所称“以上”、“以下”,均含本数或本级。
第三十八条 本细则由财政部解释,或者由国家税务总局解释。
第三十九条 本细则从条例施行之日起实施。1984年9月28日财政部颁发的《中华人民共和国增值税条例(草案)实施细则》、《中华人民共和国产品税条例(草案)实施细则》同时废止。

DETAILED RULE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON VALUE-ADDED TAX

(Ministry of Finance: 25 December 1993)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the
stipulations of Article 28 of the Republic of China on Value-Added Tax> (hereinafter referred to as "the
Regulations").
Article 2
"Goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
tangible moveable goods, including electricity, heat, and gas.
"Processing" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
the business of contracting to process goods, where the contractor
supplies the raw material and major materials and the subcontractor
manufactures the goods in accordance with the requirements of the
contractor and receives a processing fee.
"Repairs and replacement" as mentioned in Article 1 of the
Regulations refers to the business of contracting to carry out repairs of
damaged or malfunctioned goods, so as to restore the goods to their
original conditions and functions.
Article 3
"Sales of goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers
to the transfer of the ownership of goods for any consideration.
"Provision of processing, repairs and replacement services" as
mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the provision of
processing, repairs and replacement services for any consideration.
However the provision of processing, repairs and replacement services by
the staff employed by the units or individual business operators for their
units or employers shall not be included.
"Consideration" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules includes money,
goods or any economic benefit obtained from the purchasers.
Article 4
The following activities of units or individual operators shall be
deemed as sales of goods:
(1) Consignment of goods to others for sale;
(2) Sale of goods under consignment;
(3) Transfer of goods from one establishment to other establishments
for sale by a taxpayer that maintains two or more establishments and
adopts consolidated accounting, unless the relevant establishments are
maintained in the same county (or city);
(4) Application of self-produced or processed goods to produce
non-taxable items;
(5) Provision of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to other
units or individual operators as investments;
(6) Distribution of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to
shareholders or investors;
(7) Use of self-produced or processed goods for collective welfare or
personal consumption;
(8) Giving out self-produced, processed or purchased goods to others
as free gifts.
Article 5
A sales activity that involves goods and non-taxable services shall
be a mixed sales activity. Mixed sales activities of enterprises,
enterprise units or individual business operators engaged in production,
wholesaling or retailing of goods shall be regarded as sales of goods
which shall be subject to VAT. Mixed sales activities of other units or
individuals shall be regarded as sales of non-taxable services which shall
not be subject to VAT.
Whether a taxpayer's sales activity is a mixed sales activity shall
be determined by the tax collecting authorities under the State
Administration of Taxation.
"Non-taxable services" as mentioned in the first paragraph of this
Article refers to the services subject to Business Tax within the scope of
the taxable items of communications and transportation, construction,
finance and insurance, posts and telecommunications, culture and sports,
entertainment, and service industries.
"Enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators
engaged in production, wholesaling or retailing of goods" as mentioned in
the first paragraph of this Article includes enterprises, enterprise
units, and individual business operators principally engaged in the
production, wholesaling or retailing of goods and also engaged in
non-taxable services.
Article 6
Taxpayers also engaged in non-taxable services shall account
separately for the sales amount of goods and taxable services and
non-taxable services. Without separate accounting or where accurate
accounting cannot be made, the non-taxable services and goods and taxable
services shall together be subject to VAT.
Whether non-taxable services so engaged by the taxpayer shall be
subject to VAT shall be determined by the tax collecting authorities under
the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 7
"Sales of goods within the territory of the People's Republic of
China" (hereinafter referred to as "within the territory") as mentioned in
Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the place of despatch or the
location of the goods sold is within the territory.
"Sales of taxable services in the territory" as mentioned in Article
1 of the Regulations refers to the sales of taxable services that takes
place within the territory.
Article 8
"Units" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
State-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, privately- owned
enterprises, joint-stock enterprises, other enterprises, administrative
units, institutions, military units, social organizations and other units.
"Individuals" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
individual business operators and other individuals.
Article 9
For enterprises which lease or contract to others for management, the
lessees or the sub-contractors shall be the taxpayers.
Article 10
Taxpayers selling goods or taxable services with different tax rates
and also engaged in non-taxable services which shall be subject to VAT,
the highest of the tax rates on goods or taxable services shall apply to
the non taxable services.
Article 11
For taxpayers other than small-scale taxpayers (hereinafter referred
to as "general taxpayers"), the VAT refundable to purchasers due to
returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted from the output tax
for the period in which the returns inward or discount allowed takes
place. The VAT recovered due to the returns outward or discount received
shall be deducted from the input tax for the period in which the returns
outward or discount received takes place.
Article 12
"Other charges" as mentioned in Article 6 of the Regulations refers
to handling fees, subsidies, funds, fund raising fees, profits sharing,
incentive bonus, damages on breach of contract (interest on deferred
payments), packaging charges, rentals on packaging materials, contingency
charges, quality charges, freight and loading and unloading charges,
commissioned receipts, commissioned payments and charges of any other
nature which is in addition to the price charged to the purchaser. The
following items nevertheless shall not be included:
(1) Output VAT collected from purchasers;
(2) Consumption Tax withheld on processing of consumer goods subject
to Consumption Tax;
(3) Disbursement of freight charges that satisfies both the following
conditions;
1. A freight invoice of transportation department was issued to the
purchaser; and
2. The same invoice is turned over by the taxpayer to the purchaser.
All other charges, regardless of the accounting treatment under the
accounting system adopted, shall be included in the sales amount in
computing the tax payable.
Article 13
Where the taxpayer is engaged in mixed sales activities and the
non-taxable services that are subject to VAT in accordance with Article 5
and Article 6 of these Detailed Rules, his sales amount shall be
respectively the sum the his sales amounts of goods and non-taxable
services, or the sum of the sales amounts of goods or taxable services and
the non-taxable services.
Article 14
For general taxpayers selling goods or taxable services that adopt
the pricing method of combining the sales amount and the output tax, the
sales amount shall be computed according to the following formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + tax rate
Article 15
Pursuant to the stipulations of Article 6 of the Regulations, if a
taxpayer settles the sales amount in foreign exchange, the Renminbi
conversion rate for the sales amount to be selected can be the foreign
exchange rate quoted by the State (the average rate in Principle)
prevailing on the date or that on the first day of the month in which the
sales take place. Taxpayers shall determine in advance the conversion
rate to be adopted. Once determined, no change is allowed within 1 year.
Article 16
For taxpayers whose prices are obviously low and without proper
justification as mentioned in Article 7 of the Regulations, or have
activities of selling goods as listed in Article 4 of these Detailed Rules
but without invoiced sales amounts, the sales amount shall be determined
according to the following sequence:
(1) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the same month;
(2) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the recent period;
(3) Determined according to the composite assessable value. The
formula of the composite assessable value shall be:
Composite assessable Value = Cost X (1 + cost plus margin)
For goods subject to Consumption Tax, the composite assessable value
shall include Consumption Tax payable.
"Cost" in the formula refers to the actual costs of products sold for
sales of self-produced goods; and the actual costs of purchases for sales
of purchased goods. The rate of cost-plus margin in the formula shall be
determined by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 17
The "Purchase price" as mentioned in Paragraph 3, Article 8 of the
Regulations includes the price paid by taxpayers to agricultural producers
for purchasing tax-exempt agricultural products and the Agricultural
Special Product Tax withheld according to the regulations.
The "price paid" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to
the price specified on the purchasing voucher approved for use by the
competent tax authorities.
Article 18
For mixed sales activities and non-taxable services which are subject
to VAT according to the stipulations of Article 5 and Article 6 of these
Detailed Rules, the input tax on goods purchased for use in the
non-taxable services involved in the mixed sales activities or in the
non-taxable services that satisfies the stipulations of Article 8 of the
Regulations is allowed to be credited from the output tax.
Article 19
"Fixed assets" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to:
(1) Machinery, mechanical apparatus, means of transport, and other
equipment, tools and apparatus related to production or business
operations with a useful life of more than one year;
(2) Article that are not the main equipment for production or
business operations but with a unit value of more than 2000 yuan and a
useful life of more than two years.
Article 20
"Non-taxable items" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to the provision of non-taxable services, the transfer of
intangible assets, the sales of immovable properties and fixed assets
under construction, etc.
The construction, re-construction, expansion, repairing and
decoration of buildings by the taxpayer, regardless of the accounting
treatment under the accounting system adopted, shall be included in the
"fixed assets under construction" as mentioned in the proceeding
paragraph.
Article 21
"Abnormal losses" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to losses other than the normal wear and tear in the course of
production or business operations. They include:
(1) Losses due to natural disasters;
(2) Losses due to theft, spoilage or deterioration, etc., resulting
from improper management;
(3) Other abnormal losses.
Article 22
Where input tax has already been claimed on goods purchased or
taxable services under the circumstances listed in Paragraphs (2) to (6)
in Article 10 of the Regulations, the input tax of these goods purchased
or taxable services shall be deducted from the input tax of that period.
If that input tax cannot be determined accurately, the input tax to be
deducted shall be computed based on the actual costs of that period.
Article 23
For taxpayers engaged in tax-exempt items or non-taxable items (not
including fixed assets under construction) and where the input tax cannot
be determined accurately, the non-creditable input tax shall be computed
according to the following formula:
Sum of the sales amounts of
tax-exempt items and
turnover of non-taxable
Non-creditable Total input tax items of the month
= x --------------------
in put tax of the month Sum of the total sales
amount and turnover of
the month
Article 24
The standards for small-scale taxpayers as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Regulations are as follows:
(1) Taxpayers engaged in the production of goods or the provision of
taxable services, and taxpayers engaged principally in the production of
goods or provision of taxable services but also in wholesaling or
retailing of goods, the annual sales amount of which subject to VAT
(hereinafter referred to as "taxable sales amount") is below 1 million
yuan;
(2) Taxpayers engaged in wholesaling or retailing of goods, the
annual taxable sales amount of which is below 1.8 million yuan.
Regardless whether the annual taxable sales amounts exceed the
standards for small-scale taxpayers, individuals, non-enterprise units,
and enterprises which do not often have taxable activities, are chargeable
as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 25
The sales amount of small-scale taxpayers does not include the tax
payable.
For small-scale taxpayers selling goods or providing taxable services
that adopt the method of setting prices by combining the sales amount and
the tax payable, the sales amount is computed according to the following
formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + Assessable rate
Article 26
For small-scale taxpayers, the sales amount refunded to the
purchasers due to returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted
from the sales amount for the period in which the returns inward or
discount allowed occurs.
Article 27
"Sound accounting" as stated in Article 14 of the Regulations refers
to the capability of accurately accounting for the output tax, input tax
and tax payable in accordance with the accounting regulations and the
requirements of the tax authorities.
Article 28
Individual operators that satisfy the conditions as prescribed in
Article 14 of the Regulations and after the approval of the bureaux
directly under the State Administration of Taxation can be confirmed as
general taxpayers.
Article 29
Once the small-scale taxpayers have been confirmed as general
taxpayers, they cannot be reclassified as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 30
General taxpayers in any of the following circumstances shall compute
the tax payable based on the sales amount and according to the VAT rates,
but no input tax can be credited and special VAT invoices shall not be
used:
(1) The accounting system is unsound or cannot provide accurate tax
information;
(2) The conditions of general taxpayers are satisfied but the
taxpayer has not applied or processed the confirmation procedures as
general taxpayers.
Article 31
The scope of part of the tax-exempt items listed in Article 16 of the
Regulations are prescribed as follows:
(1) "Agricultural" as mentioned in Item (1) of Paragraph (1) refers
to planting, breeding, forestry, animal husbandry and aquatic products
industry.
"Agricultural producers" includes units and individuals engaged in
agricultural production.
"Agricultural products" refers to primary agricultural products. The
detailed scope of this definition shall be determined by the taxation
bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
(2) "Antique books" as mentioned in Item (3) of Paragraph (1) refers
to the ancient books and old books purchased from the public.
(3) "Articles" as mentioned in Item (8) of Paragraph (1) refers to
goods other than yachts, motorcycles, and motor vehicles that are subject
to Consumption Tax.
"Articles which have been used" refers to goods that have been used
by "other individuals" as mentioned in Article 8 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 32
The scope of application of "VAT minimum threshold" as mentioned in
Article 18 of the Regulations is limited to individuals.
The range of the VAT minimum threshold are stipulated as
follows:
(1) The minimum threshold for sales of goods shall be monthly sales
amount of 600 to 2000 yuan.
(2) The minimum threshold for sales of taxable services shall be
monthly sales amount of 200 to 800 yuan.
(3) The minimum threshold for assessment on a transaction-by-
transaction basis shall be sales amount per transaction (or per day) of 50
to 80 yuan.
"Sales amount" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the
"sales amount of small-scale taxpayers" as mentioned in the first
paragraph of Article 25 of these Detailed Rules.
The bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation shall
determine the minimum threshold locally applicable within the prescribed
range and in accordance with the actual conditions and shall report these
amounts to the State Administration of Taxation for their records.
Article 33
The timing at which the tax liability arises on the sales of goods or
taxable services as prescribed in Item (1), Article 19 of the Regulations
is specified according to the different methods of settlement as follows:
(1) For sales of goods under the direct payment method, it shall be
the date on which the sales sum is received or the documented evidence of
the right to collect the sales sum is obtained, and the bills of lading
are delivered to purchasers, regardless whether the goods are delivered;
(2) For sales of goods where the sales amount is entrusted for
collection, including where entrusted to banks for collection, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered and the procedures for entrusted
collection are completed;
(3) For sales of goods on credit or receipt by installments, it shall
be the date of collection agreed according to the contracts;
(4) For sales of goods with payment received in advance, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered;
(5) For sales of goods on a consignment to other taxpayers, it shall
be the date on which the detailed account of consignment sales are
received from the consignee;
(6) For sales of taxable services, it shall be the date on which the
services are provided and the sales sum is received or the documented
evidence of the right to collect the sales sum is obtained;
(7) For taxpayers that have the activities that are considered as
sales of goods as listed from Item (3) to Item (8) in Article 4 of these
Detailed Rules, it shall be the date on which the goods are transferred.
Article 34
For overseas units or individuals selling taxable services within the
territory but have not set up any business establishment within the
territory, the agents shall be the withholding agents for their tax
payable. If there are no agents, the purchaser shall be the withholding
agent.
Article 35
For business without a fixed base selling goods or taxable services
in a different county (or city) and have not reported and paid tax with
the competent tax authorities where the sales take place, the competent
tax authorities of the location where the establishments are located or
where the individual resides shall collect the overdue tax.
Article 36
"Tax authorities" as mentioned in Article 20 of the Regulations is
the State Administration of Taxation, and the collecting authorities
thereunder.
"The competent tax authorities" and "the collecting authorities" as
mentioned in the Regulations and these Detailed Rules refer to branches
offices under the State Administration of Taxation at county level and
above.
Article 37
"Above" and "Below" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules also include
the figure or the level itself.
Article 38
These Detailed Rules shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Finance
or by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 39
These Detailed rules shall be implemented on the date the Regulations
come into effect. The Implementation of the Draft Regulations of the People's Republic of China
on Value-Added Tax> and the

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